Ventajas y limitaciones de la monitorización en Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos / Advantages and limitations of monitoring in Pediatric Intensive Care

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Análisis de las traqueotomías en cuidados intensivos pediátricos durante el periodo 2003-2013 / Analysis of tracheostomies in a pediatric intensive care unit during the period 2003-2013

INTRODUCCIÓN: La traqueotomía es un procedimiento poco frecuente en la Unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos (UCIP). Analizamos las complicaciones derivadas de la técnica, la mortalidad atribuible a la misma y la mortalidad global de los pacientes traqueotomizados. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo descriptivo durante el periodo comprendido entre enero del 2003 y diciembre del 2013 de los pacientes ingresados en la UCIP a los que se realiza una traqueotomía a lo largo de su ingreso. RESULTADOS: Durante el periodo analizado se recoge a 25 pacientes. La media de edad es de 31,3 meses (rango 1-144, mediana 14 meses) y la media de estancia en UCIP es de 53 días (rango 1-338 días, mediana 37 días). En su mayoría (68%) son pacientes con comorbilidades previas a su ingreso, destacando en frecuencia las anomalías craneofaciales/síndromes polimalformativos (32%) y problemas asociados a la prematuridad (12%). Las patologías más frecuentes que motivaron la realización del procedimiento fueron la obstrucción congénita de la vía aérea y diversas causas de lesión medular, seguido de traqueobroncomalacia y estenosis subglótica. Se detectaron complicaciones en el 40% de los pacientes, siendo la más frecuente la decanulación accidental. Presentaron durante el curso evolutivo una decanulación accidental el 20% de los pacientes, principalmente en las primeras 24 h del postoperatorio, motivo por el que falleció uno de los pacientes. CONCLUSIONES: La realización de la traqueotomía es un procedimiento poco frecuente en la UCIP, aunque no exento de complicaciones, algunas de ellas de riesgo vital

INTRODUCTION: Tracheotomy in pediatric patients is a rare procedure. In this pediatric series, perioperative complications, mortality related to surgical procedure and overall mortality are analyzed. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective study conducted from January 2003 to December 2013. Data were retrieved from patients who were tracheotomized and admitted to our PICU in the postoperative period. RESULTS: Data were collected from 25 tracheotomized patients admitted during the study period. The mean age was 3.3 months (median 14 months, range 1-144 months), and PICU length of stay was 53 days (median 37 days, range 1-338 days). Most patients (68%) had comorbidities before their admission, with a higher prevalene of craniofacial anomalies/polymalformative syndromes (32%) and prematurity related disorders (12%) being obserevd. The most common etiologies related to the procedure were congenital airway obstruction (16%) and several types of spinal cord injury (16%), followed by tracheobronchomalacia (12%) and subglottic stenosis (12%). Some kind of complication was detected in 40% of patients, with accidental decannulation being the most frequent. Accidental or unexpected decannulation was present in a percentage as high as 20% of our patients, mainly in the first 24hours after surgery. One of the patients died as a result of this. CONCLUSIONS: The postoperative course of a tracheotomy is associated with a high rate of complications, some of them related to life-threatening events

[Analysis of tracheostomies in a pediatric intensive care unit during the period 2003-2013]. / Análisis de las traqueotomías en cuidados intensivos pediátricos durante el periodo 2003-2013.

INTRODUCTION: Tracheotomy in pediatric patients is a rare procedure. In this pediatric series, perioperative complications, mortality related to surgical procedure and overall mortality are analyzed. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective study conducted from January 2003 to December 2013. Data were retrieved from patients who were tracheotomized and admitted to our PICU in the postoperative period. RESULTS: Data were collected from 25 tracheotomized patients admitted during the study period. The mean age was 3.3 months (median 14 months, range 1-144 months), and PICU length of stay was 53 days (median 37 days, range 1-338 days). Most patients (68%) had comorbidities before their admission, with a higher prevalene of craniofacial anomalies/polymalformative syndromes (32%) and prematurity related disorders (12%) being obserevd. The most common etiologies related to the procedure were congenital airway obstruction (16%) and several types of spinal cord injury (16%), followed by tracheobronchomalacia (12%) and subglottic stenosis (12%). Some kind of complication was detected in 40% of patients, with accidental decannulation being the most frequent. Accidental or unexpected decannulation was present in a percentage as high as 20% of our patients, mainly in the first 24 hours after surgery. One of the patients died as a result of this. CONCLUSIONS: The postoperative course of a tracheotomy is associated with a high rate of complications, some of them related to life-threatening events.

Estudio multicéntrico nacional sobre la infección nosocomial en la UCIP / A national multicentre study on nosocomial infections in PICU

INTRODUCCIÓN: La infección nosocomial (IN) es un problema frecuente en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricas (UCIP), con una mortalidad atribuible hasta del 11%.ObjetivoDescribir la epidemiología de la IN en las UCIP españolas. Iniciar una estrategia estandarizada de control de la IN para disponer de tasas de incidencia pediátricas en nuestro medio. Pacientes y método: Estudio multicéntrico y prospectivo del 1 al 31 de marzo de 2007. Se utilizaron los criterios diagnósticos y la metodología de cálculo de incidencia de IN del Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Se estudió especialmente la IN relacionada con dispositivos invasivos: catéter venoso central (CVC), ventilación mecánica (VM), sondaje vesical (SV). RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 300 pacientes en 6 UCIP, diagnosticándose 17 episodios en 16 pacientes (5,3% de los ingresados). La tasa de IN fue de 13,8 infecciones/1.000 pacientes-día. La edad media de los infectados fue de 2,31 años (± 3,43), 9 fueron varones. Existieron factores de riesgo en 7 casos. Las localizaciones fueron: bacteriemia relacionada con catéter en 7 pacientes (6,7/1000 días CVC), neumonía asociada a VM en 4 (9,4/1.000 días VM), infección urinaria asociada a SV en 4 (5,5/1000 días SV), un caso de bacteriemia primaria y una infección de herida quirúrgica. Los microorganismos aislados fueron: 9 bacilos gramnegativos, 4 Candidas, 2 estafilococos plasmocoagulasa negativos, 1 Haemophilus y 1 Staphylococcus aureus. Siete aislamientos fueron de microorganismos resistentes. No hubo ningún exitus atribuible a la IN. CONCLUSIONES: La epidemiología de la IN fue similar a la publicada en otros países de nuestro entorno. La vigilancia de la IN es esencial para un correcto manejo y para ello es fundamental tener un patrón de análisis y referencia común

INTRODUCTION: Nosocomial infection (NI) is a common complication in paediatric critical care units (PICU), with an associated mortality up to 11%.OBJECTIVE: To describe NI epidemiology in the national PICU. To initiate an standard NI control measures to obtain paediatric incidence rates. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Multicentre prospective study from 1 to 31 march 2007. Centre Disease Control diagnosis and methodological criteria were used. It was specially analyzed NI related to invasive devices: central venous catheter (CVC), mechanical ventilation (MV), urinary catheter (UC). RESULTS: There were recruited 300 patients from 6 PICU, with 17 NI episodes in 16 patients (5,3% from admitted). NI rates resulted in 13,8 infections/1000 patients-day. Middle age from infected patients was 2,31 years (±3,43), 9 males. Risk factors were found in 7 cases. NI location was: catheter-related bloodstream infection in 7 patients (6,7/1000 days CVC), ventilator associated pneumonia in 4 (9,4/1000 MV days), urinary-tract infection associated with UC in4 (5,5/1000 UC days), one case of primary bloodstream infection and one surgical site infection. Isolated microorganisms were: 9 gram negatives bacillus, 4 Candida, 2 plasmocoagulase negative staphylococcus, 1 Haemophilus and 1 Staphylococcus aureus. Seven isolations were resistant microorganisms. There weren't any died related to NI. CONCLUSIONS: NI epidemiology was similar to published data in our near countries. NI surveillance, with a standardized method of analysis is essential to the NI correct manage

Terapia vasopresora / Vasopressor therapy

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Tratamiento de la sepsis/shock séptico / Treatment of sepsis/seotic shock

En este trabajo se resalta la importancia de un diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz de la sepsis (shock séptico, así como una actuación coordinada entre los diferentes escalones del sistema sanitario. Hacemos hincapié en el tratamiento precoz y agresivo con volumen para conseguir una serie de objetivos de reanimación, inicio precoz de la antibioterapia, en las diferencias fisiopatológicas en la respuesta hemodinámica de la sepsis entre el niño y adulto con la consiguiente repercusión en la elección del soporte inotropo/vasodilatador/vasopresor, en la necesidad de asistencia respiratoria precoz y discutimos los diferentes tratamientos coadyuvantes: inmunomodulador, anticoagulación, depuración extrarenal y mantenimiento de la glucemia en valores normales (AU)

In this work, the importance of an early diagnosis and treatment of sepsis/septic shock and coordinated action between the different health care system steps in stressed. We place special focus on the early and aggressive treatment with volume to achieve a series of resuscitation objectives, early onset of the antibiotic treatment, in the different pathophysiological differences in the hemodynamic response of the sepsis between the child and adult with the consequent repercussion in the choice of inotropic/vasodilator/vasopressor support, in the need for early respiratory care and we discuss the different coadjuvant treatments: inmunomodulator, anticoagulation, extrarenal depuration, and maintenance of glycemia in normal values (AU)

Experiencia clínica de monitorización hemodinámica del shock mediante el sistema PiCCO® / Preliminary clinical experience with PiCCO® system in children with shock

Objetivo: Evaluar la utilidad clínica del empleo del sistema de monitorización PiCCO® (pulse induced contour cardiac output ‘gasto cardíaco por análisis del contorno de la onda de pulso’) en pacientes pediátricos en situación de shock. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio analítico prospectivo y multicéntrico en niños de un mes a 18 años en situación de shock ingresados en 5 unidades de cuidados intensivos pediátricos. Se realizaron mediciones antes y después de 3 tipos de intervenciones: a) expansión volumétrica; b) aumento de dosis en fármacos vasoactivos, y c) cambio de dosis en fármacos que pudieran disminuir las resistencias periféricas. Los parámetros que se recogieron incluyeron los datos obtenidos de las termodiluciones junto con los parámetros hemodinámicos habituales. Resultados: Se realizaron 120 mediciones en 35 pacientes de edad de 36 (2,6 a 156) meses y peso de 15 (5,8 a 72) kg. La etiología del shock fue séptica (37%), cardiogénica (26%), hipovolémica (20%) y neurogénica (17%). No se registraron complicaciones en relación con el procedimiento. Se registraron 22 expansiones volumétricas en 17 pacientes, que produjeron una elevación significativa del ITBI (intrathoracic blood volume index ‘índice de volumen de sangre intratorácico’) de 501(235 a 763) a 584 ml/m2 (418 a 810), del CI (cardiac index ‘índice cardíaco’) de 4,04 (2,58 a 6,25) a 4,48 l/min/m2 (2,86 a 8,71) y de la presión arterial media de 74 (53 a 99) a 87 mmHg (59 a 112). Los cambios en el CI se correlacionaron con el incremento del ITBI (coeficiente de correlación = 0,678; p = 0,001). Las 13 intervenciones destinadas a incrementar el tono vasomotor se asociaron a un incremento del índice de resistencia vascular sistémica del 18%. Conclusiones: La monitorización hemodinámica mediante el sistema PiCCO® es factible y parece segura en pacientes pediátricos en shock. Los datos de monitorización obtenidos podrían añadir información relevante sobre el estado de precarga y la respuesta hemodinámica a sus modificaciones (AU)

Purpose: To evaluate the PiCCO® hemodynamics monitor in terms of clinical usefulness in children with shock. Methods: Prospective multicenter analytical study in children aged from one month to 18 years with shock admitted to five pediatric intensive care units. Measurements were made before and after three interventions: a) volume load; b) increases in vasoactive drugs; c) dosage changes of drugs that could lessen vascular resistance. Recorded parameters included thermodilution data, along with the usual hemodynamic parameters. Results: A total of 120 measurements were performed on 35 patients: mean age 36 (2.6–156) months, mean weight 15 (5.8–72)kg. Shock etiology was septic in 37% of cases, cardiogenic in 26%, hypovolemic in 20% and neurogenic in 17%. No procedure related complication was noticed. Twenty-two volume challenges in 17 patients were registered. Volume load induced a significant intrathoracic blood volume index (ITBI) increase from 501(235–763) to 584 (418–810)ml/m2, cardiac index (CI) 4.04 (2.58–6.25) to 4.48 (2.86–8.71)lmin-1m2, and mean blood pressure from 74 (53–99) to 87 (59–112)mmHg. CI changes correlated with ITBI increase (r=0.678, p=0.001). 13 interventions to increase vasomotor tone were associated with an increase in contractility of 18% in systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI). Conclusions: Hemodynamic monitoring with the PiCCO® system is feasible and seems safe in children with shock. PiCCO® derived parameters could add clinically important information to assess preload state and its modifications with therapy (AU)

[Preliminary clinical experience with PiCCO system in children with shock]. / Experiencia clínica de monitorización hemodinámica del shock mediante el sistema PiCCO.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the PiCCO hemodynamics monitor in terms of clinical usefulness in children with shock. METHODS: Prospective multicenter analytical study in children aged from one month to 18 years with shock admitted to five pediatric intensive care units. Measurements were made before and after three interventions: a) volume load; b) increases in vasoactive drugs; c) dosage changes of drugs that could lessen vascular resistance. Recorded parameters included thermodilution data, along with the usual hemodynamic parameters. RESULTS: A total of 120 measurements were performed on 35 patients: mean age 36 (2.6-156) months, mean weight 15 (5.8-72) kg. Shock etiology was septic in 37% of cases, cardiogenic in 26%, hypovolemic in 20% and neurogenic in 17%. No procedure related complication was noticed. Twenty-two volume challenges in 17 patients were registered. Volume load induced a significant intrathoracic blood volume index (ITBI) increase from 501(235-763) to 584 (418-810) ml/m(2), cardiac index (CI) 4.04 (2.58-6.25) to 4.48 (2.86-8.71) lmin-1m(2), and mean blood pressure from 74 (53-99) to 87 (59-112) mmHg. CI changes correlated with ITBI increase (r = 0.678, p = 0.001). 13 interventions to increase vasomotor tone were associated with an increase in contractility of 18% in systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI). CONCLUSIONS: Hemodynamic monitoring with the PiCCO system is feasible and seems safe in children with shock. PiCCO derived parameters could add clinically important information to assess preload state and its modifications with therapy.

Neumonía aspirativa tras administración de polietilenglicol / Aspiration pneumonia after administration of a polyethylene glycol solution

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Síndrome de disfunción autonómica secundario a meningitis tuberculosa / Autonomic dysfunction syndrome secondary to tuberculous meningitis

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[Therapeutic failure, treatment and non-treatment of childhood epilepsy]. / Fracaso terapéutico, tratamiento y no tratamiento de la epilepsia infantil.

INTRODUCTION: The classification of epileptic syndromes defines the prognosis and offers some orientation about treatment in childhood epilepsy. OBJECTIVE: To study the medical therapy according to epileptic syndromes in the everyday practice of a hospital based outpatient neuropediatric clinic. METHODS: Survey of the database using an algorithm to define therapeutic failure, treatment and spontaneous evolution, according to syndrome and drug, of all epileptic patients attended at the clinic during 1966. RESULTS: 465 patients with: monotherapy 38%, politherapy 20%, therapeutic success (follow-up after drug discontinuation) 21%, spontaneous evolution 22% (54% of partial idiopathic epilepsies). Most used antiepileptic drugs (VPA > CBZ > VGB > CLB > PB > PHT > LTG > ESM > PRM > GBT) are those with lowest failure rate and highest percentage of patients on monotherapy. Percentages of monotherapy in treated patients and of previous failure out of total number of patients are: idiopathic partial epilepsies: 85% and 10%; remote symptomatic partial: 58% and 43%; cryptogenic partial: 53% and 50%; idiopathic generalized: 83% and 25%; symptomatic-cryptogenic generalized: 34% and 63%; undetermined: 45% and 43%. CONCLUSIONS: Screening of the database serves as a quality control but the use of an algorithm offers only an approximation to reality. In idiopathic partial epilepsy treatment can be avoided in half of the patients and failure is lowest for VPA and CBZ. In idiopathic generalized epilepsies VPA predominance is almost absolute with a very low failure rate. In all other epileptic syndromes the therapeutic failure rate is about 50% regardless of drug, except for VPA which shows a moderately better outcome.

[Frequency and current clinical diversity of cerebral cortical dysgenesis]. / Frecuencia y diversidad clínica actual de las disgenesias corticales cerebrales.

OBJECTIVE: The extended use of MRI has increased the number of patients diagnosed of cortical dysgenesis and has changed the clinical spectrum usually associated with this disorder. The aim of this study was to know the frequency and clinical variety of cortical dysgenesis in our current patient population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients with dysgenesis of the neocortex or of the hippocampus, according to radiological or pathological features, were selected from the total number of patients attended during 1996 at an outpatient hospital-based neuropediatric clinic. Malformations of cerebellar cortex and neurocutaneous syndrome were excluded. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients (1.3% of all patients attended at the clinic) studied by MRI showed polymicrogyria (43%) which was of perisilvian localization in three patients, heterotopias (33%), dysplasia of the hippocampus (24%), agyria-pachygria (14%) and hemimegaencephalia (5%). Three patients underwent surgical interventions. Epilepsy was present in 90%, mental retardation in 68%, cerebral palsy 47%, infantile spasms 40%, microcephally 25%, autism 10%, hyperkinesis 5% and learning disabilities in 33% of those school age children free of mental retardation. CONCLUSIONS: The actual prevalence of cortical dysgenesis at our clinic is similar to that of neurodevelopmental impairments following birth-asphyxia (1.2%), amounting to two thirds of those following prematurity and to half of those following a brain injury of late prenatal onset. Except for the almost constant presence of epilepsy, especially infantile spasms, clinical symptomatology is diverse and occurs in a similar percentages in brain lesions acquired during labour or during late pregnancy. Hyperkinesis and autism have a similar prevalence to that seen in the total number of patients attended at the clinic during 1996.